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从锁国走向开国的日本

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发表于 2010-12-6 06:58:17 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">课标要求</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">了解明治维新的历史条件。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教学目标:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(一)知识与目标:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、德川幕府的统治:识记俄幕府统治的建立,封建等级制度,锁国政策与封建统治的动摇。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、黑船事件:识记<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">黑船事件<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、《日美亲善条约》、锁国走向开国。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、日本社会危机的加剧:识记殖民势力的进一步渗透,社会危机的进一步加剧。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">4<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、理解幕府统治的形成和锁国政策的影响,黑船事件使日本被迫打开了国门。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(二)过程与方法:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、用图示法综合探究、比较探究幕府统治危机与明治维新的关系。#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、分析<span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">封建领主经济的瓦解、资本主义生产关系的发展、阶级矛盾的尖锐、民族危机的加深、导致了日本社会危机的加剧<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(三)情感态度与价值观:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、闭关锁国、封建落后将会造成被动挨打的局面。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、日本社会危机的加剧是内、外因造成的,它是引起社会变革的根源。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教学重点与难点:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">重点:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府统治下的日本社会状况及危机<span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">难点:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本由锁国走向开国的主、客观因素分析。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★<b><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教材内容分析与建议:#p#分页标题#e#</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">本课教材主要从三个方面向学生阐述了明治维新前德川幕府统治下的日本状况,即德川幕府的统治,黑船事件和日本社会危机的加剧。说明由于封建领主经济的衰落,资本主义工商业的发展,阶级矛盾的尖锐和激化,从根本上动摇了日本幕府封建统治的基础,随着西方殖民势力的渗透和侵略的加剧,日本被迫从开国,各种危机进一步加剧,为维新变革准备了最基本的条件。建议在教学中适当补充相关资料,采用多媒体等教学手段,增加学生的感性认识,以问题研讨的方式进一步理解幕府统治的实质;从而使学生认识到,只有推翻幕府统治、实行社会改革,才能实现富国强兵<span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教学过程及要点:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">〔新课导入〕<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">采用谈话法导入:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本是一个岛国,茫茫大海,造成了日本同外国交通的不便,也保护了日本免受外国的侵略。但<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">19<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪中叶,日本<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">躲进小楼成一统<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">的锁国局面,很快就被西方列强的坚船利炮打破,不得不打开国门。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">设置问题,引导学生分析:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">问题一,展示<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">19<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪中叶日本形势图,认识日本独特的地理位置和重要的港口城市;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">问题二,根据前面单元所学的相关内容理解日本国门被打开是世界历史发展的必然。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">由此#p#分页标题#e#<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">进入新课学习。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">一、德川幕府的统治:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、建立:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)时间:</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">17<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪初<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">  <span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府或称江户幕府<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">幕府一词原指出征时将军的府署,后来日本武士的首领将军控制中央政权,又把以将军为首的政权称为幕府。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">镰仓幕府(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1192</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1333</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年):</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">12<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪前后,日本武士集团逐渐形成分别以源氏和平氏为中心的关东、关西两大集团。皇室和贵族依靠他们进行政治斗争,两大集团自己也因争权夺利而互相斗争。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">12<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪后半期,关西武士集团平氏取得优势,当权<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">20<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">多年。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1185<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年,关东武士集团首领源赖朝打败平氏,取得对中央政权的控制。第二年,他在镰仓(在本州岛南岸,临相模湾)建立幕府,<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1192<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年,又从朝廷取得征夷大将军的称号,成为日本的实际统治者。幕府依靠武士作为统治的支柱。武士对将军宣誓效忠,缴纳贡物,并服兵役;幕府保护武士的家传土地所有权,对有功者赐给土地和官职,派武士到地方上去担任#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">守护<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,夺取实权。幕府自己设置官吏,分别掌握行政、军事、司法权力,还派人到首都京都监视朝廷。幕府实际上是朝廷之外的政府,在首都的中央政府名存实亡。由于源赖朝的幕府设在镰仓,故源赖朝创立的幕府统治又称为镰仓幕府。镰仓幕府统治日本一百多年(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1192<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1333<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年),<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1333<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年灭亡。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">室町幕府(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1338</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1573</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年):</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">天皇政权掌握实权没有几年,由于武士首领足利尊氏叛乱,天皇被迫南逃;足利在京都扶立了一个傀儡天皇,日本历史上出现了南北两个天皇的局面。足利家族的第三代将军足利义满时,力量壮大,在京都的室町建立幕府新址,并在<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1392<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年合并了南北朝,这就是日本历史上的室町幕府(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1338<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1573<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年)。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1603</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1867</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年):</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1573<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年,织田信长的军队灭亡了室町幕府,织田信长死后,其部将丰臣秀吉掌握了政权,但丰臣秀吉没有设立幕府,而是利用天皇的朝廷行使权力。丰臣秀吉发动了侵略朝鲜的战争,没有取得胜利,不久去世。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1603<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年,丰臣秀吉的部将德川家康打败竞争对手,取得征夷大将军称号,在江户开设幕府,开始德川幕府(也称<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">江户幕府#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1603<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1867<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年)对日本<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">260<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">多年的统治,共经历了<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">15<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">代将军。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)政治特点:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">天皇是名义上最高统治者,而幕府首脑将军掌握实权;形成幕藩体制。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">天皇虽然享有崇高威望,名义上是国家的最高统治者,朝廷设在京都,但并没有实权,而实权掌握在幕府将军手中。将军也是最大的封建主,直接管理着全国四分之一的土地和许多重要城市,全国其他地区分成大大小小两百多个<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">藩<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,藩的首领大名享有藩的世袭统治权,但必须听命于将军。将军与大名都养着自己的家臣即武士,武士从将军或大名那里得到封地和禄米,但必须效忠将军或大名,这些武士一般是职业军人,拥有佩刀的特权,他们构成了幕府统治的基础,从而形成了由幕府和藩构成的封建统治制度即幕藩体制。德川幕府为了从思想意识上培养武士这个支柱,大力宣扬武士应具有忠、义、勇的<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武士道<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">精神,使武士为其效力和卖命。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">【备课资料】武士道精神</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 0cm 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武士道是日本神道教的主要内容。它原是日本封建武士的道德规范。日本武士是一个特殊的阶层,在日本历史上扮演了很重要的角色。最早的武士是在大化改新之后,作为封建贵族庄园的护从而出现的。后来武士不断壮大,开始介入政治。它本身分化出将军、大名、家臣、足轻、乡士等<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">20<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">多个等级,成为日本政治舞台上举足轻重的势力。#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 0cm 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">封建时代的武士,以<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">忠孝<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">和<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武勇<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">为最高信条,随时准备去为他们的主人赴汤蹈火,为了表示他们的忠诚,维护他们的荣誉,他们会切腹自杀来结束自己的生命。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 0cm 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本的文化主体是输入中国文化和经中国输入的,带有中国文化的印度文化。但是,日本有选择地将其<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本化<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。中国文化以<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仁<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">为核心<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本文化以<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">忠<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">为核心。日本取了<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">义礼智信,忠诚孝悌<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,唯独忽略中国人奉之为首的<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仁<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">#p#分页标题#e#<font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。在古代,中日两国社会顺序都是<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">士农工商<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,但是中国是<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">文士<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,日本却是<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武士<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武士道作为一种思想已达到了宗教的高度,它起源于中世纪对领主、藩主的绝对忠诚。对上级无限的忠诚,绝对服从。注重信、义、勇三条准则,崇尚武力和冒险,大无畏的献身精神,集体观念高度深化。武士道从其发端之初起,统治了日本<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1000<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">多年,其代表作是《地陶闻书》,它的主题十分明确<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">:<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">荣誉,慷慨赴死,对藩主的忠诚和修身。赴死的思想贯串全书。在危险的境遇中它不会去想怎样保全自己的性命,而会勇往直前,投入敌人阵中,迎接死亡。因此,武士道也被称为<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">战士之道<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、政策:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)幕藩等级制度:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">为巩固幕府统治秩序,德川幕府实行严格的封建等级制度。将军、大名、武士占日本全国人口的#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">10%<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,属于统治阶级。工商业者占人口的百分之十,经营工商业,受到统治阶级的歧视;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">农<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">约占全国人口的百分之八十,是受压迫受剥削的主要群体,他们不仅交租还要负担各种杂役和劳役;处在社会最底层的是<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">贱民<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。各等级界限森严,世袭不变,互不通婚,衣食居住都有区别。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">注意:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教材中的士、农、工、商四个等级结构示意图,从图中可以看出:统治阶层与被统治阶层,森严的等级,重农抑商思想。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)闭关锁国政策:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">●</b><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">目的:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">巩固统治,防止外部势力对日本的侵入。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府统治前,日本对外贸易比较发达,商船远航到中国、朝鲜及东南亚各国。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">16<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪下半期,西方商人和传教士开始到日本活动,以传教士为先导的欧洲殖民势力迅速向日本渗透,全国天主教徒从<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">30<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">万猛增到<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">70<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">万人。一些藩国通过与西方国家的贸易,壮大了自己的经济和军事实力。德川幕府建立后,为巩固统治,防止外部势力对日本的侵入开始实行闭关锁国政策。从<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1633<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年起曾多次发布<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">锁国令<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\">#p#分页标题#e#<b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">●</b><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">内容</b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   <o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">①<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">严禁日本人与外国贸易,禁止日本与海外交往,把外国商人和传教士驱逐出境;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">②<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">只许同中国、朝鲜、荷兰等国通商,而且只准在长崎一地进行,对外商业活动受到严格控制;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">③<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本人不得出国,也不许在国外的日本人回国,甚至禁止制造适于远洋的船只。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">●</b><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">评价</b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">积极:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">在一定程度上有利于防止西方殖民势力渗透,维护日本的独立。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">消极:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">阻碍了日本商品经济的发展,使日本逐渐落后于世界发展的趋势。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">【比较】<b>日本幕府锁国政策与中国清朝的闭关锁国政策</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">清朝:主要是封建统治者的盲目自大<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本:主要是防止外部侵略<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">但都是落后的封建自然经济的产物;都是为维护其封建统治。#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)限制工商业政策:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">闭关锁国本身就严格限制了商业活动,同时对工商业者采取歧视态度,严格限制手工工场的规模、实行商品专卖,设立关卡、对工商业者财产恣意没收。严重阻碍了工商业的发展和资本主义生产方式的出现。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">建议教师引导学生把幕府统治限制工商业的政策与<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">工、商<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">社会地位联系起来分析,进而理解这一政策的消极影响。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、危机:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府统治开始出现危机,封建统治基础开始动摇。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)表现:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">①<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">严格的等级制度虽然维护了封建统治,但也激化了社会矛盾。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">②<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">长期的闭关锁国政策,造成了近代日本的落后。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">③<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">资本主义萌芽产生和发展,冲击了封建自然经济。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府统治建立后,全国形成了统一的市场,农民负担相对减轻,生产积极性提高,因此农业生产迅速发展,农业生产的发展,使农村手工业也迅速发展,并逐步同农业分离,新的手工业中心和商业中心也随之形成。商业性农业和手工业的发展引起了农村自然经济的日益解体。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">18<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪上半期,资本主义的萌芽产生,新的生产方式的出现,从根本上动摇了幕府统治基础。这一段是学生理解的难点,建议教师点到为止,不宜大量补充教材。#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">④<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">社会矛盾日益尖锐。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">农民起义不断;工商业者也不满严格的限制和掠夺;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">19<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪中叶,中下级武士阶层地位恶化,迫于生计,逐渐滋生出反抗幕府统治的思想。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)影响:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1837<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年大盐平八郎起义表明日<span style=\"font-emphasize: dot\">本封建社会统治基础已开始动摇。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">【合作探究】指导学生阅读教材</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">P<sub>107</sub>“</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">学思之窗</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,回答:这种变化对日本封建秩序有什么影响?</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">提示:封建统治阶级与商人的关系,武士地位的变化反映了商品经济的发展和中下级武士尤其是下级武士,生活的贫困。迫于生计,他们采用各种方式并逐渐滋生了反抗思想,因此冲击幕府统治和等级制度,动摇了封建统治秩序,说明了幕府统治开始危机。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">二、黑船事件:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、背景:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(西方列强侵略日本的背景)幕府实行闭关锁国,欧美列强窥视日本,把侵略矛头指向了日本。<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">随着西方资本主义国家经济的发展,日本被纳入侵略目标。工业革命后资本主义国家急需扩大海外市场和掠夺原料,#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> 19<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪中期,亚洲许多国家已相继沦为西方列强的殖民地或半殖民地,日本也成为列强侵略的目标。其实从<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">18<span style=\"font-famil

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<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">课标要求</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">了解明治维新的历史条件。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教学目标:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(一)知识与目标:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、德川幕府的统治:识记俄幕府统治的建立,封建等级制度,锁国政策与封建统治的动摇。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、黑船事件:识记<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">黑船事件<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、《日美亲善条约》、锁国走向开国。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、日本社会危机的加剧:识记殖民势力的进一步渗透,社会危机的进一步加剧。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">4<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、理解幕府统治的形成和锁国政策的影响,黑船事件使日本被迫打开了国门。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(二)过程与方法:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、用图示法综合探究、比较探究幕府统治危机与明治维新的关系。#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、分析<span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">封建领主经济的瓦解、资本主义生产关系的发展、阶级矛盾的尖锐、民族危机的加深、导致了日本社会危机的加剧<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(三)情感态度与价值观:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、闭关锁国、封建落后将会造成被动挨打的局面。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、日本社会危机的加剧是内、外因造成的,它是引起社会变革的根源。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教学重点与难点:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">重点:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府统治下的日本社会状况及危机<span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">难点:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本由锁国走向开国的主、客观因素分析。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★<b><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教材内容分析与建议:#p#分页标题#e#</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">本课教材主要从三个方面向学生阐述了明治维新前德川幕府统治下的日本状况,即德川幕府的统治,黑船事件和日本社会危机的加剧。说明由于封建领主经济的衰落,资本主义工商业的发展,阶级矛盾的尖锐和激化,从根本上动摇了日本幕府封建统治的基础,随着西方殖民势力的渗透和侵略的加剧,日本被迫从开国,各种危机进一步加剧,为维新变革准备了最基本的条件。建议在教学中适当补充相关资料,采用多媒体等教学手段,增加学生的感性认识,以问题研讨的方式进一步理解幕府统治的实质;从而使学生认识到,只有推翻幕府统治、实行社会改革,才能实现富国强兵<span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">★</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教学过程及要点:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">〔新课导入〕<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">采用谈话法导入:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本是一个岛国,茫茫大海,造成了日本同外国交通的不便,也保护了日本免受外国的侵略。但<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">19<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪中叶,日本<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">躲进小楼成一统<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">的锁国局面,很快就被西方列强的坚船利炮打破,不得不打开国门。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">设置问题,引导学生分析:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">问题一,展示<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">19<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪中叶日本形势图,认识日本独特的地理位置和重要的港口城市;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">问题二,根据前面单元所学的相关内容理解日本国门被打开是世界历史发展的必然。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"color: black; font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">由此#p#分页标题#e#<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">进入新课学习。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">一、德川幕府的统治:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、建立:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)时间:</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">17<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪初<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">  <span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府或称江户幕府<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">幕府一词原指出征时将军的府署,后来日本武士的首领将军控制中央政权,又把以将军为首的政权称为幕府。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">镰仓幕府(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1192</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1333</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年):</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">12<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪前后,日本武士集团逐渐形成分别以源氏和平氏为中心的关东、关西两大集团。皇室和贵族依靠他们进行政治斗争,两大集团自己也因争权夺利而互相斗争。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">12<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪后半期,关西武士集团平氏取得优势,当权<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">20<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">多年。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1185<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年,关东武士集团首领源赖朝打败平氏,取得对中央政权的控制。第二年,他在镰仓(在本州岛南岸,临相模湾)建立幕府,<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1192<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年,又从朝廷取得征夷大将军的称号,成为日本的实际统治者。幕府依靠武士作为统治的支柱。武士对将军宣誓效忠,缴纳贡物,并服兵役;幕府保护武士的家传土地所有权,对有功者赐给土地和官职,派武士到地方上去担任#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">守护<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,夺取实权。幕府自己设置官吏,分别掌握行政、军事、司法权力,还派人到首都京都监视朝廷。幕府实际上是朝廷之外的政府,在首都的中央政府名存实亡。由于源赖朝的幕府设在镰仓,故源赖朝创立的幕府统治又称为镰仓幕府。镰仓幕府统治日本一百多年(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1192<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1333<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年),<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1333<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年灭亡。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">室町幕府(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1338</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1573</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年):</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">天皇政权掌握实权没有几年,由于武士首领足利尊氏叛乱,天皇被迫南逃;足利在京都扶立了一个傀儡天皇,日本历史上出现了南北两个天皇的局面。足利家族的第三代将军足利义满时,力量壮大,在京都的室町建立幕府新址,并在<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1392<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年合并了南北朝,这就是日本历史上的室町幕府(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1338<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1573<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年)。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1603</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1867</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年):</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1573<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年,织田信长的军队灭亡了室町幕府,织田信长死后,其部将丰臣秀吉掌握了政权,但丰臣秀吉没有设立幕府,而是利用天皇的朝廷行使权力。丰臣秀吉发动了侵略朝鲜的战争,没有取得胜利,不久去世。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1603<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年,丰臣秀吉的部将德川家康打败竞争对手,取得征夷大将军称号,在江户开设幕府,开始德川幕府(也称<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">江户幕府#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1603<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">~<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1867<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年)对日本<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">260<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">多年的统治,共经历了<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">15<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">代将军。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)政治特点:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">天皇是名义上最高统治者,而幕府首脑将军掌握实权;形成幕藩体制。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">天皇虽然享有崇高威望,名义上是国家的最高统治者,朝廷设在京都,但并没有实权,而实权掌握在幕府将军手中。将军也是最大的封建主,直接管理着全国四分之一的土地和许多重要城市,全国其他地区分成大大小小两百多个<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">藩<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,藩的首领大名享有藩的世袭统治权,但必须听命于将军。将军与大名都养着自己的家臣即武士,武士从将军或大名那里得到封地和禄米,但必须效忠将军或大名,这些武士一般是职业军人,拥有佩刀的特权,他们构成了幕府统治的基础,从而形成了由幕府和藩构成的封建统治制度即幕藩体制。德川幕府为了从思想意识上培养武士这个支柱,大力宣扬武士应具有忠、义、勇的<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武士道<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">精神,使武士为其效力和卖命。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">【备课资料】武士道精神</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 0cm 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武士道是日本神道教的主要内容。它原是日本封建武士的道德规范。日本武士是一个特殊的阶层,在日本历史上扮演了很重要的角色。最早的武士是在大化改新之后,作为封建贵族庄园的护从而出现的。后来武士不断壮大,开始介入政治。它本身分化出将军、大名、家臣、足轻、乡士等<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">20<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">多个等级,成为日本政治舞台上举足轻重的势力。#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 0cm 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">封建时代的武士,以<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">忠孝<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">和<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武勇<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">为最高信条,随时准备去为他们的主人赴汤蹈火,为了表示他们的忠诚,维护他们的荣誉,他们会切腹自杀来结束自己的生命。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; text-align: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 0cm 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本的文化主体是输入中国文化和经中国输入的,带有中国文化的印度文化。但是,日本有选择地将其<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本化<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。中国文化以<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仁<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">为核心<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">,<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本文化以<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">忠<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">为核心。日本取了<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">义礼智信,忠诚孝悌<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,唯独忽略中国人奉之为首的<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仁<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\">#p#分页标题#e#<font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。在古代,中日两国社会顺序都是<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">士农工商<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,但是中国是<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">文士<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,日本却是<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武士<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">武士道作为一种思想已达到了宗教的高度,它起源于中世纪对领主、藩主的绝对忠诚。对上级无限的忠诚,绝对服从。注重信、义、勇三条准则,崇尚武力和冒险,大无畏的献身精神,集体观念高度深化。武士道从其发端之初起,统治了日本<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1000<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">多年,其代表作是《地陶闻书》,它的主题十分明确<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">:<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">荣誉,慷慨赴死,对藩主的忠诚和修身。赴死的思想贯串全书。在危险的境遇中它不会去想怎样保全自己的性命,而会勇往直前,投入敌人阵中,迎接死亡。因此,武士道也被称为<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">战士之道<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、政策:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)幕藩等级制度:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">为巩固幕府统治秩序,德川幕府实行严格的封建等级制度。将军、大名、武士占日本全国人口的#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">10%<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,属于统治阶级。工商业者占人口的百分之十,经营工商业,受到统治阶级的歧视;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">农<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">约占全国人口的百分之八十,是受压迫受剥削的主要群体,他们不仅交租还要负担各种杂役和劳役;处在社会最底层的是<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">贱民<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。各等级界限森严,世袭不变,互不通婚,衣食居住都有区别。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">注意:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">教材中的士、农、工、商四个等级结构示意图,从图中可以看出:统治阶层与被统治阶层,森严的等级,重农抑商思想。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)闭关锁国政策:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">●</b><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">目的:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">巩固统治,防止外部势力对日本的侵入。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府统治前,日本对外贸易比较发达,商船远航到中国、朝鲜及东南亚各国。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">16<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪下半期,西方商人和传教士开始到日本活动,以传教士为先导的欧洲殖民势力迅速向日本渗透,全国天主教徒从<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">30<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">万猛增到<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">70<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">万人。一些藩国通过与西方国家的贸易,壮大了自己的经济和军事实力。德川幕府建立后,为巩固统治,防止外部势力对日本的侵入开始实行闭关锁国政策。从<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1633<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年起曾多次发布<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">锁国令<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。<b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\">#p#分页标题#e#<b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">●</b><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">内容</b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"><span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   <o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">①<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">严禁日本人与外国贸易,禁止日本与海外交往,把外国商人和传教士驱逐出境;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">②<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">只许同中国、朝鲜、荷兰等国通商,而且只准在长崎一地进行,对外商业活动受到严格控制;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">③<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本人不得出国,也不许在国外的日本人回国,甚至禁止制造适于远洋的船只。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> <o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">●</b><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">评价</b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">积极:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">在一定程度上有利于防止西方殖民势力渗透,维护日本的独立。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21.1pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">消极:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">阻碍了日本商品经济的发展,使日本逐渐落后于世界发展的趋势。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">【比较】<b>日本幕府锁国政策与中国清朝的闭关锁国政策</b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">清朝:主要是封建统治者的盲目自大<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">日本:主要是防止外部侵略<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">但都是落后的封建自然经济的产物;都是为维护其封建统治。#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)限制工商业政策:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">闭关锁国本身就严格限制了商业活动,同时对工商业者采取歧视态度,严格限制手工工场的规模、实行商品专卖,设立关卡、对工商业者财产恣意没收。严重阻碍了工商业的发展和资本主义生产方式的出现。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">建议教师引导学生把幕府统治限制工商业的政策与<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">“<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">工、商<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">社会地位联系起来分析,进而理解这一政策的消极影响。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">3</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、危机:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府统治开始出现危机,封建统治基础开始动摇。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)表现:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">①<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">严格的等级制度虽然维护了封建统治,但也激化了社会矛盾。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">②<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">长期的闭关锁国政策,造成了近代日本的落后。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">③<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">资本主义萌芽产生和发展,冲击了封建自然经济。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">德川幕府统治建立后,全国形成了统一的市场,农民负担相对减轻,生产积极性提高,因此农业生产迅速发展,农业生产的发展,使农村手工业也迅速发展,并逐步同农业分离,新的手工业中心和商业中心也随之形成。商业性农业和手工业的发展引起了农村自然经济的日益解体。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">18<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪上半期,资本主义的萌芽产生,新的生产方式的出现,从根本上动摇了幕府统治基础。这一段是学生理解的难点,建议教师点到为止,不宜大量补充教材。#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">④<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">社会矛盾日益尖锐。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">农民起义不断;工商业者也不满严格的限制和掠夺;<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">19<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪中叶,中下级武士阶层地位恶化,迫于生计,逐渐滋生出反抗幕府统治的思想。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">2<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)影响:<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1837<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">年大盐平八郎起义表明日<span style=\"font-emphasize: dot\">本封建社会统治基础已开始动摇。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">【合作探究】指导学生阅读教材</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">P<sub>107</sub>“</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">学思之窗</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">”</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,回答:这种变化对日本封建秩序有什么影响?</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">提示:封建统治阶级与商人的关系,武士地位的变化反映了商品经济的发展和中下级武士尤其是下级武士,生活的贫困。迫于生计,他们采用各种方式并逐渐滋生了反抗思想,因此冲击幕府统治和等级制度,动摇了封建统治秩序,说明了幕府统治开始危机。<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> </o:p> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">二、黑船事件:</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">1</b><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">、背景:</b><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(西方列强侵略日本的背景)幕府实行闭关锁国,欧美列强窥视日本,把侵略矛头指向了日本。<b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><o:p></o:p></b> <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; line-height: 14pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">随着西方资本主义国家经济的发展,日本被纳入侵略目标。工业革命后资本主义国家急需扩大海外市场和掠夺原料,#p#分页标题#e#<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\"> 19<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">世纪中期,亚洲许多国家已相继沦为西方列强的殖民地或半殖民地,日本也成为列强侵略的目标。其实从<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\">18<span style=\"font-famil

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