千古之谜：诸葛亮遗留的木牛流马究竟何物？

王鹏

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; 805: ">千古之谜：诸葛亮遗留的木牛流马究竟何物？<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #003399; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">　　

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">《三国演义》第一百零二回中，有诸葛亮制造木牛流马的描述：忽一日，长史杨仪入告曰：<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">“<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">即今粮米皆在剑阁，人夫牛马，搬运不便，如之奈何？<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">”<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">孔明笑曰：<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">“<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">吾已运谋多时也。前者所积木料，并西川收买下的大木，教人制造木牛流马，搬运粮米，甚是便利。牛马皆不水食，可以昼夜转运不绝也。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">”<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">众皆惊曰：<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">“<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">自古及今，未闻有木牛流马之事。不知丞相有何妙法，造此奇物？<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">”<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">孔明曰：<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">“<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">吾已令人依法制造，尚未完备。吾今先将造木牛流马之法，尺寸方圆，长短阔狭，开写明白，汝等视之。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">”<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">众大喜。<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: "> <SPAN lang=EN-US>　　

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">　　紧接着介绍了制造木牛之法：方腹曲头，一脚四足；头入领中，舌着于腹。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">……<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">每牛载十人所食一月之粮，人不大劳，牛不饮食。造流马之法：肋长三尺五寸，广三寸，厚二寸二分<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">……<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">众将看了一遍，皆拜伏曰：<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">“<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">丞相真神人也！<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">”　　

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">　　司马懿听说后，派人去抢了数匹木牛、流马，并将这些木制的牛马拆卸开来，描图画形加以仿造，不到半月，竟也造出了千余匹，一经使用，也与蜀军所造效果一样，奔走进退如活的一般。于是，魏军也用它们去陕西搬运粮草，自以为得计，<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">“<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">往来不绝<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">”<SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &#718; mso-hansi-font-family: &#718; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">。岂不知，这恰恰中了诸葛亮之计。原来，表面上看，魏军造的木牛流马与蜀军所造几无二致，但在这些牛马的口舌之内却有诀窍机关。当诸葛亮发现魏军开始用他们仿造的木牛流马搬运粮草时，不由得心中一阵暗喜，便派大将王平带领<SPAN lang=EN-US style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &#718; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; 805: ">1000<SPAN style="LINE-HEIG